casualties could range from 250,000 to one million combatants. Truman stated in 1953 he had been advised U.S. anticipated losing many combatants in Downfall, although the number of expected fatalities and wounded is subject to some debate. The bulk of the force invading Japan would be American although the British Commonwealth would contribute three divisions of troops (one each from the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia). Those who argue in favor of the decision to drop the atomic bombs on enemy targets believe massive casualties on both sides would have occurred in Operation Downfall, the planned Allied invasion of Japan. March 1946's Operation Coronet was planned to take Tokyo with a landing of 25 divisions, compared to D-Day's 12 divisions.
(2) Coronet – the invasion of the main island, Honshū. (1) Olympic – the invasion of the southern island, Kyūshū,
(but not other Allied) ground forces scheduled to take part in the ground battle for Japan. Winston Churchill, leader of the Opposition, in a speech to the British House of Commons, August 1945 A map outlining the Japanese and U.S.
I am surprised that very worthy people-but people who in most cases had no intention of proceeding to the Japanese front themselves-should adopt the position that rather than throw this bomb, we should have sacrificed a million American and a quarter of a million British lives. I cannot associate myself with such ideas. . There are voices which assert that the bomb should never have been used at all. Some critics believe Japan was more motivated to surrender by the Soviet Union's invasion of Manchuria and other Japanese-held areas. Critics believe a naval blockade and conventional bombings would have forced Japan to surrender unconditionally. Those who oppose the bombings argue it was militarily unnecessary, inherently immoral, a war crime, or a form of state terrorism. It was thought Japan would not surrender unless there was an overwhelming demonstration of destructive capability. Supporters of the bombings generally assert that they caused the Japanese surrender, preventing massive casualties on both sides in the planned invasion of Japan: Kyūshū was to be invaded in November 1945 and Honshū four months later. Walker stated, "The fundamental issue that has divided scholars over a period of nearly four decades is whether the use of the bomb was necessary to achieve victory in the war in the Pacific on terms satisfactory to the United States." Samuel Walker wrote, "the controversy over the use of the bomb seems certain to continue". In 2005, in an overview of historiography about the matter, J. This remains the subject of both scholarly and popular debate, with revisionist historians advancing a variety of arguments. There is also the debate on the role of the bombings in Japan's surrender and the U.S.'s justification for them based upon the premise that the bombings precipitated the surrender. A primary focus has been on whether the bombing should be categorized as a war crime and/or as a crime against humanity. Over the course of time, different arguments have gained and lost support as new evidence has become available and as new studies have been completed. Some debaters focus on the presidential decision-making process, and others on whether or not the bombings were the proximate cause of Japanese surrender. This ultimatum stated if Japan did not surrender, it would face "prompt and utter destruction". Truman, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President of China Chiang Kai-shek issued the Potsdam Declaration which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan. On 26 July 1945 at the Potsdam Conference, United States President Harry S. Substantial debate exists over the ethical, legal, and military aspects of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August 1945 at the close of World War II (1939–45). Controversies surrounding nuclear attacks The Fat Man mushroom cloud resulting from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rises into the air from the hypocenter.
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